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1 natural selection of plants
естественный отбор растений
Постоянно происходящий в природе без вмешательства человека отбор растений, наиболее приспособленных к конкретным условиям жизни.
[ ГОСТ 20081-74]Тематики
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Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > natural selection of plants
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2 evolution
ˌi:vəˈlu:ʃən сущ.
1) эволюция, развитие( from;
into, to) gradual evolution ≈ постепенная эволюция historical evolution ≈ историческое развитие human evolution ≈ эволюция человека social evolution ≈ развитие общества the evolution of plants and animals ≈ эволюция растений и животных the theory of evolution by natural selection ≈ эволюционная теория естественного отбора Evolution is advance from the simple to the complex. ≈ Эволюция - это развитие от простого к сложному.
2) развитие, рост a crucial period in the evolution of modern physics ≈ критический период в развитии современной физики an accurate account of his country's evolution ≈ аккуратное описание изменений, происходящих в его стране Psychology deals with the evolution of the faculties. ≈ Психология имеет дело с развитием способностей. His long life comprised a series of evolutions. ≈ Его долгая жизнь содержит ряд крутых поворотов. Syn: growth
3) развитие, разработка( идеи, замысла, плана и т. п.) I had arrived at this conclusion by necessary evolution from the First Principle of my Philosophy. ≈ Я пришел к этому заключению на основе неизбежного углубления Первого принципа моей философии.
4) выделение, выпускание( тепла, газа, света, звука и т. п.) Syn: emission
5) мат. извлечение корня
6) воен.;
мор. перестроение, маневр, передвижение The surrounding country was level and suitable to the evolutions of cavalry. ≈ Окружающая местность была плоской и подходила для передвижения кавалерии.
7) образование небесных тел The idea of the evolution of planets is due to the great astronomer Laplace. ≈ Идея образования планет обязана своим существованием великому астроному Лапласу. развитие;
процесс изменения, роста - the * of the child развитие ребенка эволюция, постепенное развитие - Theory of E. теория эволюции, дарвинизм - the * of one species out of another развитие одного вида из другого;
превращение одного вида в другой развитие, развертывание( мысли, сюжета, аргументации и т. п.) - the * of the ages ход истории pl изгибы, завитки;
фигуры (в танцах и т. п.) - the *s of an arabesque pattern причудливые изгибы, арабески( военное) (морское) перестроение;
маневр, передвижение (математика) извлечение корня (специальное) выделение (газа, тепла) ;
образование (дыма) evolution выделение (газа, теплоты и т. n.) ~ мат. извлечение корня ~ образование небесных тел путем концентрации космического вещества ~ (обыкн. pl) воен., мор. перестроение;
маневр;
передвижение ~ развитие ~ развертывание;
развитие ~ эволюция;
Theory of Evolution эволюционная теория ~ эволюция;
Theory of Evolution эволюционная теорияБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > evolution
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3 evolution
[ˌiːvə'l(j)uːʃ(ə)n], [ˌevə-]сущ.1) эволюция, развитиеEvolution is advance from the simple to the complex. — Эволюция - это развитие от простого к сложному.
2) развитие, изменениеa crucial period in the evolution of modern physics — критический период в развитии современной физики
an accurate account of his country's evolution — точное описание изменений, происходящих в его стране
Psychology deals with the evolution of the faculties. — Психология имеет дело с развитием способностей.
Syn:3) развитие, разработка (идеи, замысла, плана)I had arrived at this conclusion by necessary evolution from the First Principle of my Philosophy. (S. T. Coleridge) — Я пришёл к этому заключению на основе неизбежного развития первого принципа моей философии.
4) выделение, выпускание (тепла, газа, света, звука)Syn:5) мат. извлечение корня6) воен.; мор. перестроение, манёвр, передвижениеThe surrounding country was level and suitable to the evolutions of cavalry. — Окружающая местность была плоской и подходила для передвижения кавалерии.
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4 Insight
In October 1838 that is, fifteen months after I had begun my systematic enquiry, I happened to read for amusement "Malthus on Population," and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from long-continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances favorable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavorable ones to be destroyed. (Darwin, 1911, p. 68)The insight of the chimpanzee shows itself to be principally determined by his optical apprehension of the situation. (KoЁhler, 1925, p. 267)Then I turned my attention to the study of some arithmetical questions apparently without much success and without a suspicion of any connection with my preceding researches. Disgusted with my failure, I went to spend a few days at the seaside, and thought of something else. One morning, walking on the bluff, the idea came to me, with just the same characteristics of brevity, suddenness and immediate certainty, that the arithmetic transformations of indeterminate ternary quadratic forms were identical with those of non-Euclidean geometry. (Poincareґ, 1929, p. 388)The direct awareness of determination... may also be called insight. When I once used this expression in a description of the intelligent behavior of apes, an unfortunate misunderstanding was, it seems, not entirely prevented.... Apparently, some readers interpreted this formulation as though it referred to a mysterious mental agent or faculty which was made responsible for the apes' behavior. Actually, nothing of this sort was intended... the concept is used in a strictly descriptive fashion. (KoЁhler, 1947, pp. 341-342)The task must be neither so easy that the animal solves the problem at once, thus not allowing one to analyze the solution; nor so hard that the animal fails to solve it except by rote learning in a long series of trials. With a problem of such borderline difficulty, the solution may appear out of a blue sky. There is a period first of fruitless effort in one direction, or perhaps a series of attempted solutions. Then suddenly there is a complete change in the direction of effort, and a cleancut solution of the task. This then is the first criterion of the occurrence of insight. The behavior cannot be described as a gradual accretion of learning; it is evident that something has happened in the animal at the moment of solution. (What happens is another matter.) (Hebb, 1949, p. 160)If the subject had not spontaneously solved the problem [of how to catch hold at the same time of two strings hung from the ceiling so wide apart that he or she could only get hold of one at a time, when the only available tool was a pair of pliers, by tying the pliers to one string and setting it into pendular motion] within ten minutes, Maier supplied him with a hint; he would "accidentally" brush against one of the strings, causing it to swing gently. Of those who solved the problem after this hint, the average interval between hint and solution was only forty-two seconds.... Most of those subjects who solved the problem immediately after the hint did so without any realization that they had been given one. The "idea" of making a pendulum with pliers seemed to arise spontaneously. (Osgood, 1960, p. 633)There seems to be very little reason to believe that solutions to novel problems come about in flashes of insight, independently of past experience.... People create solutions to new problems by starting with what they know and later modifying it to meet the specific problem at hand. (Weisberg, 1986, p. 50)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Insight
См. также в других словарях:
Natural selection — Natural Nat u*ral (?; 135), a. [OE. naturel, F. naturel, fr. L. naturalis, fr. natura. See {Nature}.] 1. Fixed or determined by nature; pertaining to the constitution of a thing; belonging to native character; according to nature; essential;… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Natural selection — For other uses, see Natural Selection (disambiguation). Part of a series on Evolutionary Biology … Wikipedia
natural selection — noun a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment • Syn: ↑survival, ↑survival of the fittest, ↑selection • Hypernyms: ↑natural process, ↑natural action, ↑action, ↑activity … Useful english dictionary
natural selection — N UNCOUNT Natural selection is a process by which species of animals and plants that are best adapted to their environment survive and reproduce, while those that are less well adapted die out. Natural selection ensures only the fittest survive… … English dictionary
natural selection — natural se lection n [U] technical the process by which only plants and animals that are naturally suitable for life in their environment will continue to live and breed, while all others will die out →↑evolution →survival of the fittest at… … Dictionary of contemporary English
NATURAL SELECTION — name given by Darwin to the survival of certain plants and animals that are fitted, and the decease contemporaneously of certain others that are not fitted, to a new environment … The Nuttall Encyclopaedia
natural selection — noun (U) technical the process by which only plants and animals that are naturally suitable for life in their environment will continue to live, while all others will die see also: survival of the fittest survival (2) … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
Natural — Nat u*ral (?; 135), a. [OE. naturel, F. naturel, fr. L. naturalis, fr. natura. See {Nature}.] 1. Fixed or determined by nature; pertaining to the constitution of a thing; belonging to native character; according to nature; essential;… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Natural day — Natural Nat u*ral (?; 135), a. [OE. naturel, F. naturel, fr. L. naturalis, fr. natura. See {Nature}.] 1. Fixed or determined by nature; pertaining to the constitution of a thing; belonging to native character; according to nature; essential;… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Natural fats — Natural Nat u*ral (?; 135), a. [OE. naturel, F. naturel, fr. L. naturalis, fr. natura. See {Nature}.] 1. Fixed or determined by nature; pertaining to the constitution of a thing; belonging to native character; according to nature; essential;… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Natural gas — Natural Nat u*ral (?; 135), a. [OE. naturel, F. naturel, fr. L. naturalis, fr. natura. See {Nature}.] 1. Fixed or determined by nature; pertaining to the constitution of a thing; belonging to native character; according to nature; essential;… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English